Pharm d - Doctor of Pharmacy

  Glucagon   Hyperglycemic – Glycogenolytic factor (HGF) •     Produced by α-cells of islets of Langerhans of Pancreas and act antagonistic to insulin •     Involved in   – Rapid mobilization of hepatic glycogen to glucose •     By Glycogenolysis

  Diabetes Mellitus (DM) •     DM is a metabolic disease characterized by severe hyperglycemia –   Persistently high blood glucose level leads to various long term complications •     Diabetes is broadly divided into –   Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) –   Non-Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

Insulin •     Polypeptide hormone secreted by beta cells of islet of Langerhans in pancreas –   First hormone to be identified, isolated, purified and produced by recombinant DNA technology •     Anabolic hormone; influences the metabolism of –   Carbohydrate –   Fats and   –   Proteins

Parathyroid Hormone •     Two pairs of small oval shaped parathyroid glands located on the posterior of thyroid gland •     Primarily concerned with Ca 2+ and PO 4 3 homeostasis through its secretion (parathormone)   •     Parathormone (PTH): •     Secreted by Chief cells of the parathyroid gland –   Most important regulator of calcium and phosphorus concentration in extracellular fluid •     Chemistry: •     Linear polypeptide hormone with 84 amino acids –   Alanine is present at N-terminal –   Glutamine is present at C-terminal •     Aminoacid sequence 1 to 34 is important for its biological activity –   Possesses receptor binding properties •     Methionine is necessary for calcium mobilizing effects Biosynthesis: •     PTH is originally synthesized as a pro-hormone in the chief cells – ...

  Thyroid Hormones •     Thyroid gland is a bow shaped bi-lobular gland located below the larynx on each side of trachea   •     Each lobule of thyroid gland consist of a large number of thyroid follicles –   Structural and functional unit of thyroid gland •     Thyroid follicle are spherical units filled with colloid and made up of cuboidal cells called follicular cells •     In between thyroid follicles, small C cells are also present called parafollicular cells   •     It functions under the influence of TSH from pituitary gland. •     Major hormones secreted by thyroid gland are –   Thyroxine (T 4 or Tetra iodo thyronin) and Tri iodo thyronin (T 3 ) secreted by follicular cells –   Calcitonin secreted by parafollicular cells •     Calcitonin is involved in Ca 2+ homeostasis while other two regulate metabolic rate of the body...