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PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS-I (Theory) Paper 2 |
Marks
100 |
1. GENERAL
PHARMACOLOGY:
a. Pharmacology: Definition, History, and its
various branches. Drug: Definition and its various sources.
b. Routes of drugs administration, advantages and
disadvantages.
c. Pharmacokinetics: Drug solubility and passage
of drug across the biological membranes. Absorption, distribution, metabolism
and elimination of drugs and factors affecting them. Various pharmacokinetic
parameters including volume of distribution (Vd), clearance (Cl),
Biological half life (t1/2β), Bioavailability and various factors
affecting it. Dose, Efficacy and potency of drugs. Hypersensitivity and Idiosyncratic reactions,
drug tolerance and dependence. Drug interactions. Plasma protein binding.
d. Pharmacodynamics: How drugs act? Receptors and
their various types with special reference to their molecular structures. Cell
surface receptors, signal transduction by cell surface receptors, signaling
Mediated by intra cellular receptors, target cell and hyper sensitization,
Pharmacological effects not Mediated by receptors (for example anesthetics and
cathartics) Ion channel, enzymes,
carrier proteins, Drug receptor interactions and theories of drug action.
Agonist, antagonist, partial agonist, inverse agonist. Receptors internalization
and receptors co-localization. Physiological Antagonism, Pharmacological
Antagonism (competitive and noncompetitive),
Neutralization
Antagonism, Neurotransmission and neuro-modulation. Specificity of
drug action and factors modifying the action &
dosage of drugs. Median lethal dose (LD:50), Median effective dose (ED:50) and
Therapeutic Index, Dose-response
relationships.
2. DRUGS
ACTING ON AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS):
a. Organization
of ANS its subdivisions and innervations.
b. Neurotransmitters
in ANS, their synthesis, release and fate.
c. Sympathetic
agonist drugs: Catecholamines and Non-catecholamines.
d. Sympathetic
antagonist drugs: Adrenergic receptor Blockers and neuron blockers.
e. Parasympathetic
(Cholinergic) agonists and Anticholinestrase inhibitors.
Parasympathetic antagonists.
f. Ganglion
stimulants and Ganglion blockers
g. Neuromuscular
Blockers
3. DRUGS
ACTING ON GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT:
a. Emetic
and anti-emetics.
b. Purgatives.
c. Anti-diarrheal
agents.
d. Treatment
of Peptic ulcer: Antacids, H2-Receptor antagonists, antimuscarinic
agents, proton pump inhibitors, prostaglandin agonists, gastrin receptor
antagonist and cytoprotective agents.
e. Drug
treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases.
f. Drugs
affecting bile flow and Cholelithiasis.
4. AUTACOIDS
AND THEIR ANTAGONISTS: Histamine and Anti-histamines, Serotonin and
Serotonin Antagonists, Prostaglandins and their antagonists.
5. DRUGS
ACTING ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
a. Drugs
used for cough (Anti-tussives, Expectorants and Mucolytic Agents).
b. Drugs
used for Bronchial Asthma (Bronchodilators, Cromoglycate, Nedocromil,
Cortecosteroids & other Anti-inflammatory drugs and Muscarinic receptor
antagonists. Cromoglycate, Nedocromil, Cortecosteroids & other
Anti-inflammatory drugs.
6. DRUGS
ACTING ON CARDIO-VESCULAR SYSTEM:
a. Angina
pectoris and its drug treatment
b. Congestive
heart failure & its treatment
c. Anti-arrhythmic
drugs
d. Anti-hyperlipidemia
e. Coagulants
and Anti-coagulants
f. Anti-hypertensives
g. Diuretics
7. DRUGS
ACTING ON GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM: Oxytoxic drugs, Ergot alkaloids and
uterine relaxants.
8. ANTI-ANAEMIC
DRUGS:
9. HORMONES,
ANTAGONISTS AND OTHER AGENTS AFFECTING ENDOCRINE
FUNCTION: Endocrine function and
dysfunctions. Drug used for therapy of
Diabetes Mellitus: Insulin and Oral Hypoglycemic agents, Corticosteroids,
Thyroid hormone and antithyroid drugs.
NOTE:
1. Only
an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products.
2. While
dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actions of related
drugs and only important differences should be discussed of the individual
drugs placed in same group.
3. Newly
introduced drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs with no
clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any time.
4. The
prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of the recommended books.
PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS-I (Practical)
Paper 8 Marks 100
NOTE: Practical
of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above
mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities e.g.
• Introduction
to instruments: such as Organ Bath, Kymograph, Oscilograph polygraph Patch
Clamp Technique and Power Lab.
• Preparation
of standard solution: Ringer solution. Tyrode solution. Kreb solution. Normal
saline solution. To demonstrate the effects of sympathomimetic (Adrenaline)
& sympatholytic drugs (Propranolol) on Frog’s heart.
• To
demonstrate the effects of parasympathomimetic (Acetylcholine) and
parasympatholytic (Atropine) drugs on Frog’s heart.
• To
demonstrate the effects of an unknown drug on Frog’s heart. Routes of Administration
of drugs.
• To
demonstrate the effects of vasconstrictor drugs on Frog’s blood vessels. To
demonstrate the effects of stimulant drugs on Rabbit’s intestine (Acetyl
choline, Barium chloride).
• To
demonstrate the effects of depressant drugs on Rabbit’s intestine (Atropine).
To differentiate the effects of an unknown drug on Rabbit’s intestine and
identify the (unknown) drug.
• To
study the effects of Adrenaline on Rabbit’s Eyes.
• To
study the effects of Homatropine on Rabbit’s Eyes.
• To
study the effects of Pilocarpine on Rabbit’s Eyes.
• To
study the effects of Local Anaesthetic drug (e.g Cocaine) on Rabbit’s Eyes.
• To
identify the unknown drug & differentiate its effects on Rabbit’s Eyes. To demonstrate emetic effects of various
drugs in pigeons.
(Note: A minimum of 20 practicals
will be conducted).
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