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PHYSIOLOGY (Theory)
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Paper 4 |
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Marks
100 |
Course
objective: After the completion of this course the students should be
able to describe all the basic physiological processes which are the basis of
pathophysiology of various diseases and their ultimate link with pharmacology
for their treatment.
1. BASIC CELL
FUNCTIONS:
a. Chemical
composition of the body: Atoms, Molecules, Ions, Free Radicals, Polar
Molecules, Solutions, Classes of Organic Molecules
b. Cell
structure: Microscopic Observation of Cell, Microscopic, Cell Organelles,
Cytoskeleton.
c. Protein
activity and cellular metabolism: Binding Site Characteristics, Regulation of
Binding site Characteristics, Chemical Reactions, Enzymes, Regulation of
EnzymeMediated Reactions, Multi-enzyme metabolic Pathways, ATP, Cellular Energy
Transfer, Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism, Essential Nutrients.
d. Genetic
information and Protein Synthesis: Genetic Code, Protein Synthesis, Protein,
Degradation, Protein Secretion, Replication and Expression of Genetic
Information, Cancer, Genetic Engineering.
e. Movement
of Molecules across Cell Membranes: Diffusion, Mediated- Transport Systems,
Osmosis, Endocytosis and Exocytosis, Epithelial Transport.
2. BIOLOGICAL
CONTROL SYSTEM:
a. Homeostatic
Mechanisms and Cellular Communication: General Characteristics, Components of
Homeostatic Control Systems, Intercellular Chemical Messengers, Processes
Related to Homeostasis, Receptors, single Transduction Pathways.
b. Neural
Control Mechanisms: Structure and Maintenance of Neurons, Functional Classes of
Neurons, Glial Cells, Neural Growth and Regeneration, Basic Principles of
Electricity, The resting Membrane Potential, Graded Potentials and Action
Potentials, Functional
Anatomy
of synapses, Activation of the Postsynaptic Cell, Synaptic Effectiveness,
Neurotransmitters and Neuro-modulators,
Neuro-effector communication, Central Nervous System: Spinal Cord Central
Nervous System: Brain, Peripheral Nervous System, Blood Supply, Blood-Brain
Barrier phenomenon, and Cerebrospinal fluid.
c. The
Sensory Systems: Receptors, Neural Pathways in Sensory System, Association
Cortex and Perceptual Processing, Primary Sensory Coding, Somatic Sensation,
Visio, Hearing, Vestibular System, Chemical Senses.
d. Principles
of Hormonal Control Systems: Hormone Structures and Synthesis, Hormone
Transport in the Blood, Hormone Metabolism and Excretion, Mechanisms of Hormone
Action, Inputs that control Hormone Secretion, Control Systems Involving the
Hypothalamus and Pituitary, candidate Hormones, type of Endocrine Disorders.
e. Muscle:
Structure, Molecular Mechanisms of Contraction, Mechanics of Single fiber
Contraction, Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism, Types of Skeletal Muscle
Fibers, Whole Muscle Contraction, Structure, Contraction and its Control.
f. Control
of Body Movement: Motor Control Hierarchy, Local control of Motor Neurons, The
Brain Motor Centers and the Descending Pathways they Control, Muscle Tone,
Maintenance of Upright Posture and Balance, Walking.
g. Consciousness
and Behavior: State of consciousness, conscious Experiences, Motivation and
Emotion, Altered State of Consciousness, Learning and Memory, Cerebral
Dominance and language Conclusion.
3. COORDINATED
BODY FUNCTIONS:
a. Circulation:
Plasma, the Blood Cell, Pressure, flow and resistance, Anatomy, Heartbeat
coordination, Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle, The Cardiac output,
Measurement of Cardiac Function, Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, veins, The
Lymphatic
system, Baroreceptor Reflexes, Blood Volume and Long term Regulation of
Arterial Pressure, Other Cardiovascular Reflexes and
Responses, Hemorrhage and Other Causes of Hypotension, the Upright Posture,
Exercise, Hypertension, Heart Failure, Coronary Artery Disease and Heart
Attacks, Formation of Platelet Plug, Blood coagulation: Clot Formation,
Anticlotting systems, Anticlotting Drugs.
b. Respiration:
Organization of the Respiratory System, Ventilation and Lung Mechanics,
Exchange of Gases in Alveoli and tissues, Transport
of Oxygen in Blood, Transport of Carbon dioxide in Blood, Transport of Hydrogen
ions between Tissues and Lungs, Control of Respiration, Hypoxia, Nonrespiratory
Functions of the Lungs.
c. The
kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions: Renal Functions, Structure
of the Kidneys and Urinary System, Basic Renal Process, The Concept of Renal
Clearance Micturition, Total Body Balance of sodium and Water Basic Renal
Process for sodium and Water, Renal Sodium Regulation, Renal Water regulation,
A Summary Example: the response to Sweating, Thirst and Salt Appetite,
Potassium Regulation, Effector Sites for Calcium Homeostasis, Hormonal
controls, Metabolic Bone Disease, Source of Hydrogen Ion Gain or Loss,
Buffering of Hydrogen Ions in the Body, Integration of Homeostatic Controls,
Renal Mechanisms, Classification of Acidosis and Alkalosis, Diuretics, Kidney
Disease.
d. The
Digestion and Absorption of Food (Overview): Functions of the Gastrointestinal
Organs, Structure of the Gastrointestinal Tract Wall, Digestion and Absorption,
Regulation of Gastrointestinal Processes, Pathophysiology of the
Gastrointestinal Tract.
e. Regulation
of Organic Metabolism, Growth, and Energy Balance: Events of the Absorptive and
Postabsorptive States, Endocrine and Neural Control of the Absorptive and
Postabsorptive States, Fuel Homeostasis in Exercise and Stress Diabetes
Mellitus, Hypoglycemia as a Cause of Symptoms, Regulation of Plasma
Cholesterol, Bone Growth, Environmental Factors, Influencing Growth, Hormonal
Influences on Growth, compensatory Growth, Basic Concepts of Energy
Expenditure, Regulation of Total Body Energy Stores, Regulation of Body
Temperature.
f. Reproduction:
General Principles of Gametogenesis, Anatomy, Spermatogenesis,
Transport
of Sperm, Hormonal control of Male Reproductive Functions, Anatomy,
Ovarian Function, Control of Ovarian Function,
Uterine Changes in the Menstrual Cycle, Other Effects of Estrogen and
Progesterone, Androgens in Women, Female Sexual Response, Pregnancy, Sex
Determination, Sex Differentiation, Puberty, Menopause.
g. Defense
Mechanisms of the Body: Cells Mediating Immune Defenses, Nonspecific
Immune Defenses, Specific Immune Defenses, Systemic
Manifestations of Infection Factors that Alter the Body’s Resistance to
Infection, Harmful Immune Responses, Absorption, Storage Sites, Excretion,
Biotransformation, Functions of Cortisol in Stress, Functions of the
Sympathetic Nervous System in Stress, Other Hormones Released During Stress
Psychological Stress and Disease.
NOTE: Special emphases should be given
on the normal physiological values and their changes during respective
pathological conditions. Furthermore, the physiological link will be developed
with pathology as well as pharmacology.
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PHYSIOLOGY (Practical) Paper 10
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Marks
100 |
NOTE: Practicals
of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above
mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g.
Experimental Physiology includes:
1. BLOOD: Determination of Haemoglobin (Hb),
Determination of ESR, RBC Count, WBC Count, DLC (Differential Leucocyte Count),
Bleeding Time, Coagulation Time and Blood groups.
2. RESPIRATION: Estimation of vital capacity and
its relation to posture and standard vital capacity, Determination of Tidal
volume and Demonstration of Artificial Respiration.
3. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: Recording of Arterial
Pulse, Recording of Arterial Blood Pressure and Electro-cardiogram.
4. SENSORY SYTEM: Visual activity, far vision,
near vision and Field of vision (Perimetry).
5. NEURAL CONTROL MECHANISM: Nerve Muscle
Preparation in frog, Effect of
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